What is a herniated disc and why does spinal pain occur?

A herniated disc is a common condition affecting the intervertebral discs —structures located between the vertebrae that act as shock absorbers. When a disc moves out of place or ruptures, it can press on nearby nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the affected area.

There are different types of herniated discs depending on location: cervical (neck), lumbar (lower back), thoracic (mid-back), and specific cases such as L4-L5 or L5-S1. Other variants include disc protrusion(bulging without rupture) and disc extrusion(when the inner nucleus leaks out of the disc).

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Most common types of herniated discs

Depending on the location and clinical characteristics, the most frequent types are:

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Lumbar herniated disc

affects the lower back; the most common type. It can cause sciatica, leg weakness, and walking difficulty.

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Cervical herniated disc

located in the neck and may radiate pain to the shoulders, arms, or head.

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Thoracic herniated disc

less common; appears in the mid-back region.

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Disc protrusion

bulging of the disc without complete rupture. It may be asymptomatic or progress to a full hernia.

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Disc extrusion

the nucleus pulposus escapes the disc, usually causing more intense symptoms.

Knowing the specific type is key to tailoring an effective treatment.

Common causes of herniated discs

A herniated disc often develops due to gradual wear and tear of the intervertebral disc. The most common causes include:

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Natural degeneration due to aging

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Repetitive poor posture or excessive strain

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Trauma or injury

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Incorrect lifting technique

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Genetic or hereditary predisposition

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Localized pain (neck, back, lower back)

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Pain radiating to arms or legs

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Tingling or numbness

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Muscle weakness

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Difficulty walking, standing or sitting for long periods

In severe cases, symptoms may include loss of sensation or bladder/bowel control, requiring urgent medical attention.

Most common symptoms of a herniated disc

Symptoms vary based on location and severity, but common ones include:

What’s the best treatment for a herniated disc?

Treatment depends on severity. For most patients, conservative care is effective and avoids surgery. The most common therapies include:

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Relative rest during the acute phase

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Specialized physiotherapy and controlled exercise

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Local heat or cold therapy

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Anti-inflammatory medication and muscle relaxants

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Injections (in selected cases)

Only a small percentage require surgery —usually when severe symptoms persist or conservative treatment fails.

Recommended and avoided exercises for herniated discs

Guided physical activity is crucial for recovery. Recommended exercises include:

  • Gentle back stretches
  • Core strengthening (abdominal and lumbar muscles)
  • Progressive joint mobility
  • Regular walking

Avoid high-impact activities, heavy lifting or movements involving lumbar hyperextension. Many exercises are contraindicated for acute L5-S1 hernias.

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Consequences of not treating a herniated disc properly

Ignoring or mistreating a herniated disc can lead to:

  • Chronic pain
  • Progressive loss of mobility
  • Limitations in daily and work activities
  • Disability in severe cases
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Frequently asked questions about herniated discs

Is a hernia the same as a disc protrusion?

Not exactly. A protrusion is an early stage where the disc bulges without rupture, while a hernia is a more advanced lesion.

Can a herniated disc disappear?

In some cases, yes. With proper treatment, many hernias shrink and symptoms subside.

Is surgery for herniated discs dangerous?

Every procedure carries risks, but modern surgical techniques are much safer and more effective. Surgery is reserved for specific cases.

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How to start treatment with Back is Back

At Back is Back, we evaluate each case using advanced technology, functional measurements and precise diagnostics. Our proprietary, evidence-based method —backed by over 30 years of clinical experience —allows us to treat herniated discs from the root, with personalized, science-driven care.

Book your initial consultation and start your recovery without pain.

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